Glucagon for Beta Blocker Overdose: Application Scope
Abstract: Glucagon is the primary antidote for beta-blocker overdose (BBO), leveraging its positive inotropic and chronotropic effects via non-adrenergic pathways. Its application scope is limited to severe, refractory cases unresponsive to conventional therapy (e.g., high-dose insulin euglycemia). Market trends show rising demand for high-purity, lyophilized glucagon formulations, driven by increased polypharmacy and cardiovascular drug use. Key brands (e.g., Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk) differ in stability and reconstitution time. Technical advantages include rapid onset and bypassing blocked receptors; disadvantages include short half-life and hyperglycemic risk. Product parameters (e.g., 1 mg/vial, pH 2.5-3.5) and cold-chain logistics are critical. Industry data indicates a 6.2% CAGR for emergency antidotes, with glucagon dominating the BBO segment.